UJI PROFIL FITOKIMIA, KAPASITAS ANTIOKSIDAN, DAN TOKSISITAS EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN TAPAK LIMAN (Elephantopus scaber L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26418/edunaturalia.v6i2.98715Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants leads to the accumulation of free radicals, overbalancing endogenous antioxidant, and exacerbating oxidative stress level within the body. Oxidative stress is one of primary factors causing numerous health issues, such as aging, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the need for additional antioxidant supplementation. Elephantopus scaber L., known as tapak liman, is a medicinal plant traditionally utilized to manage diseases, including malaria, anemia, and skin infections. However, its potential as an antioxidant supplement remains underexplored. This research investigates the methanol extract of tapak liman leaves, evaluating its phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and toxicity. Phytochemical screening identified various secondary metabolites, such as of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, phenolics, quinones, betacyanins, tannins, and saponins. Total phenolic content was found at 17,22 ± 0,15 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonat) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assays, resulting IC50 values of 18,78 µg/mL and 19,26 µg/mL, respectively. These values indicated very strong antioxidant activity, slightly higher than those of Trolox® as a vitamin E analog, which showed IC50 values of 13,27 µg/mL (ABTS) and 10,42 µg/mL (FRAP). Toxicity evaluation through brine shrimp lethality test displayed an LC50 of 394,54 µg/mL, indicating moderate toxicity and potential antimitotic activity, which may correlate with anticancer properties. Owing to its vast bioactive components and strong antioxidant capacity, tapak liman leaf extract demonstrates potential as a safe and effective natural antioxidant agent for further development.References
Aldabayan YS. (2025). Effect of artificial food additives on lung health – an overview. Medicina (Kaunas), 61(4), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040684
Ali, S., Khan, M. R., Irfanullah, Sajid, M., & Zahra, Z. (2018). Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial appraisal of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2114-z
Anitha, V. T., Antonisamy, J. M., & Jeeva, S. (2012). Anti–bacterial studies on Hemigraphis colorata (Blume) H.G. Hallier and Elephantopus scaber L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(1), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995- 7645(11)60245-9
Apak, R., Özyürek, M., Güçlü, K., & Çapanoğlu, E. (2016). Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement. 1. Classification, Physicochemical Principles, Mechanisms, and Electron Transfer (ET)-Based Assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(5), 997–1027. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04739
Arnao, M. B., Cano, A., & Acosta, M. (2001). The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 73(2), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00324-1
Averill-Bates, D. (2024). Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling. Review. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1871(2), 119573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119573
Bastola, K. P., Guragain, Y. N., Bhadriraju, V., & Vadlani, P. V. (2017). Evaluation of standards and interfering compounds in the determination of phenolics by Folin-Ciocalteu assay method for effective bioprocessing of biomass. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 08(06), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2017.86032
Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Birben, E., Sahiner, U. M., Sackesen, C., Erzurum, S., & Kalayci, O. (2012). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense.World Allergy Organization Journal, 5(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613
Chatterjee, M. (2020). Quantification of selected phytometabolites and antioxidant activity of Elephantopus scaber L. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 11(4), 38074–38078. https://doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1104.5235
Das, K., Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, S., Saifulla Khan, M., Singirikonda, S., S. Alamri, A., F. Alsanie, W., Alhomrani, M., Nagaraja, S., & N. Venugopala, K. (2022). Phytochemical analysis, estimation of quercetin, and in vitro anti- diabetic potential of Stevia leaves samples procured from two geographical origins. Phyton, 91(10), 2349–2365. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.022379
Dauda, H., Uba, G., & Ali, U. (2020). Preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of flavonoids from the stem bark extract of Commiphora africana (Burseraceae). Bulletin of Environmental Science and Sustainable Management, 4(1), 25–27. https://doi.org/10.54987/bessm.v4i1.529
Dewi, Y. A. (2020). Aktivitas penangkapan radikal DPPH senyawa flavonoid dalam daun tapak liman serta analisis hubungan struktur-aktivitas antioksidan [Universitas Gadja Mada]. https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/189641
Efendi, M. R., Bakhtiar, A., Rusdi, M. S., & Putra, D. P. (2023). Comparative study of antibacterial activity of Elephantopus scaber Linn. and Elephantopus mollis Kunth. extract. Current Applied Science and Technology, e0258350. https://doi.org/10.55003/cast.2023.258350
Fadly, D., Purwayantie, S., & Arundhana, A. I. (2020). Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and glycemic values of non-meat burger patties. Canrea Journal: Food Technology, Nutritions, and Culinary Journal, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20956/canrea.v3i1.246
Firdouse, S., & Parwez Alam. (2011). Phytochemical investigation of extract of Amorphophallus campanulatus tubers. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 3, 32–35.
Frankson, D., Hendrawan, S., & Ferdinal, F. (2024). Evaluasi Kandungan Fitokimia, Kapasitas Antioksidan, dan Toksisitas Ekstrak Daun Stevia rebaudiana. Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, 12(2), 1622. https://doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v12i2.12151
Garcia-Molina, P., Garcia-Molina, F., Teruel-Puche, J. A., Rodriguez-Lopez, J. N., Garcia-Canovas, F., & Muñoz-Muñoz,
J. L. (2022). The relationship between the IC50 values and the apparent inhibition constant in the study of inhibitors of tyrosinase diphenolase activity helps confirm the mechanism of inhibition. Molecules, 27(10), 3141. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103141
Hiradeve, S. M., & Rangari V. D. (2014). Elephantopus scaber Linn.: A review on its ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 12, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2014.01.008
Hor, P. K., Ghosh, K., Halder, S. K., Mondal, S., & Mondal, K. C. (2022). Evaluation of some effective potentialities of newly formulated rice fermented food using Elephantopus scaber L. rhizome as herbal starter. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 60(9). https://doi.org/10.56042/ijeb.v60i09.65142
IISD – International Institute for Sustainable Development [Internet]. (2024). Comprehensive wealth report – Indonesia. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-05/comprehensive-wealth-indonesia.pdf
Jamal, R. K., & Jose, V. (2017). Determination of phytochemicals by GC-MS in methanol extract of Elephantopus scaber L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 807–813.
Jun, M., Fu, H. ‐Y., Hong, J., Wan, X., Yang, C. S., & Ho, C. ‐T. (2003). Comparison of antioxidant activities of isoflavones from Kudzu root (Pueraria lobata Ohwi). Journal of Food Science, 68(6), 2117–2122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2621.2003.tb07029.x
Kabeer, F. A., & Prathapan, R. (2014). Phytopharmacological profile of Elephantopus scaber. Pharmacologia, 5(8), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.5567/pharmacologia.2014.272.285
Kancherla, N., Dhakshinamoothi, A., Chitra, K., & Komaram, R. B. (2019). Preliminary Analysis of Phytoconstituents and Evaluation of Anthelminthic Property of Cayratia auriculata (In Vitro). Maedica - A Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.26574/maedica.2019.14.4.350
Kharat, S. N., & Mendhulkar, V. D. (2016). Synthesis, characterization and studies on antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles using Elephantopus scaber leaf extract. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 62, 719–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.024
Kurniawan, H., & Ropiqa, M. (2021). Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ekor Kucing (Acalypha hispida Burm.f.) Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, 3(2), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v3i2.11398
Kusumorini, N., Nugroho, A. K., Pramono, S., & Martien, R. (2022). Determination of The Potential Antioxidant Activity of Isolated Piperine from White Pepper Using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP Methods. Majalah Farmaseutik, 18(4), 454. https://doi.org/10.22146/farmaseutik.v18i4.70246
Marin-Recinos, M.F., & Pucker, B. (2024). Genetic factors explaining anthocyanin pigmentation differences. BMC Plant Biology, 24(627),1–20. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12870-024-05316-w
Mboneye, A., Onchweri, A. N., Neeza, T., & Odoma, S. (2023). Preliminary phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis of methanol leaf extract of Erlangea tomentosa (Oliv. & Hiern) S.Moore (Asteraceae). Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 7(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v7i1.528
Mendhulkar, V. D., & Kharat, S. N. (2017). HPLC assay, phytochemical, FTIR characterization and studies on antioxidant activity of Elephantopus scaber (Linn) using six different soxhlet leaf extract. Der Pharma Chemica, 9(23), 18–28.
Mira, L., Silva, M., Rocha, R., & Manso, C. F. (1999). Measurement of relative antioxidant activityof compounds: a methodological note. Redox Report, 4(1–2), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1179/135100099101534666
Mulyani, H., Widyastuti, S. H., & Ekowati, V. I. (2017). Tumbuhan herbal sebagai jamu pengobatan tradisional penyakit dalam serat Primbon Jampi Jawi Jilid I. Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v21i2.13109
Oktavia, N., Fadli, Z., & Risandiansyah, R. (2022). Efek paparan jamu tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) pada efektivitas kloramfenikol terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas, 10(2), 1–11.
Pambudi, A., -, S., Noriko, N., Azhari, R., & Azura, P. R. (2015). Identifikasi bioaktif golongan flavonoid tanaman Anting- anting (Acalypha indica L.). Jurnal Al-Azhar Indonesia Seri Sains Dan Teknologi, 2(3), 178. https://doi.org/10.36722/sst.v2i3.139
Rachutami, I., Martha, R. D., Muadifah, A., & Manggara, A. B. (2022). Cancer activity testing of cumin (Plectranthus Amboinicus) ethanol extract against Artemia salina leach by using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry, 5(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v5i1.9086
Rumpf, J., Burger, R., & Schulze, M. (2023). Statistical evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu assays to assess the antioxidant capacity of lignins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 233, 123470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123470
Sholikah, T. A., Wulandari, S., Ariesta, I., Hakim, M. A. R., & Hafizhan, M. (2020). The hypoglicemic effects of tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L) plant extract on albino rat (Rattus novergicus) models of diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 11(2), 172–179. https://doi.org/10.20885/JKKI.Vol11.Iss2.art10
Song, F.-L., Gan, R.-Y., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Q., Kuang, L., & Li, H.-B. (2010). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of selected Chinese medicinal plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(6), 2362–2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11062362
Truong, D.-H., Nguyen, D. H., Ta, N. T. A., Bui, A. V., Do, T. H., & Nguyen, H. C. (2019). Evaluation of the use of different solvents for phytochemical constituents, antioxidants, and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Severinia buxifolia. Journal of Food Quality, 2019, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8178294
Vasco, C., Ruales, J., & Kamal-Eldin, A. (2008). Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of major fruits from Ecuador. Food Chemistry, 111(4), 816–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.054
Zakaria, Z., Soekamto, N. H., Dali, N., Amalia, H. A. M., & Syarifuddin, S. H. (2024). Toxicity test using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method on extracts of stem bark, stem wood, and leaves on Bayur (Pterospermum diversifolium B. Rob.). Elkawnie, 10(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v10i1.20380
Zeb, A. (2020). Concept, mechanism, and applications of phenolic antioxidants in foods. Journal of Food Biochemistry,
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are not restricted by the journal from entering into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in this journal. This approach aims to safeguard against potential plagiarism or unauthorized use of unpublished manuscripts, as outlined in the submission guidelines which state that this journal does not accept previously published manuscripts.
