Electrical Conductivity of Conducting Polymer Composites based on Conducting Polymer/Natural Cellulose
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v13i1.46048Keywords:
Composite, conducting polymer, conductivity, empty fruit bunch, peat soil, polyaniline, polypyrroleAbstract
Merging each of the best properties of components into a composite design or hybrid architecture opens up opportunities to develop electroconductive materials as conducting polymer composite. This work deals with studying the electrical conductivity of conducting polymer composites made of cellulose extracted from two biomass: empty fruit bunch from oil palm and peat soil. Two kinds of conducting polymers have been used to fabricate the composites, i.e. polyaniline and polypyrrole, which are polymerized from their monomers, aniline and pyrrole. The novelty of this research is the using of biomass as the source of cellulose to produced conducting polymer composites by adding conducting polymer as filler into polymer matrix. We report experimental studies about the influence of monomer addition on the electrical conductivity of composites produced. The conductivity of the material was measured by using the Electrochemical Impedance System method. The experiments were carried out as a four-set experiment, using two different cellulose sources, EFB and peat soil, combined with aniline and pyrrole. The mass ratio variations of the monomer: cellulose are 1, 2, 3, and 4. The conductivities of the composites increased when more aniline or pyrrole was blended with the extracted cellulose from each source, either EFB or peat soil. The conductivity of composite PANI/EFB, which is 3.5 ´10-3 - 1.1 ´10-2 S/cm, is in the semiconductor range that makes the composites useful for many applications.
References
A. J. Heeger, “Semiconducting and metallic polymers: The fourth generation of polymeric materials (nobel lecture),†Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 40, 2591–2611, 2001.
A. G MacDiarmid, “Synthetic metalsâ€: a novel role for organic polymers (Nobel lecture). Angewandte Chemie International Edition.;40(14):2581-90, 2001.
H. Shirakawa, “The discovery of polyacetylene film: The dawning of an era of conducting polymers (Nobel lecture),†Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 40, 2574–2580, 2001
S. Herrmann, C. Ritchie, C. Streb, “Polyoxometalate–conductive polymer composites for energy conversion, energy storage and nanostructured sensorsâ€, Dalton Transactions, 44(16):7092-104, 2015.
M.S. Freund and B. A. Deore. Self-doped conducting polymers. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
J.R. Fried, Polymer science and technology. Pearson Education, 2014.
Y. Shi, L. Peng, Y. Ding, Y. Zhao, G. Yu, “Nanostructured conductive polymers for advanced energy storage, Chem. Soc. Rev. vol. 44, no.19, 6684–6696, 2015.
Z.N. Azwa, B.F. Yousif, A.C. Manalo, W. Karunasena,â€A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibresâ€, Materials & Design, 1;47:424-42, May, 2013.
Guo, R., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Zhang, X., & Yang, D. “Research progress of nanocellulose for electrochemical energy storage: A reviewâ€. Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol.51, 342-361, 2020.
M. Titirici, R. White, N. Brun, V. Budarin, D. Su, F. Monte, J. Clark, M. MacLachlan, “Sustainable carbon materialsâ€, Chem. Soc. Rev ,44, 250–290, 2015.
H. Zhu, W. Luo, P. Ciesielski, Z. Fang, J. Zhu, G. Henriksson, M. Himmel, L. Hu, “Wood-derived materials for green electronics, biological devices, and energy applicationsâ€, Chem. Rev, 116, 9305–9374, 2016.
Y. Habibi, “Key advances in the chemical modification of nanocellulosesâ€, Chem. Soc. Rev, 43, 1519–1542, 2014.
Rashid, E.S.A., Ariffin, K., Akil, H.M. and Kooi, C.C., “Mechanical and thermal properties of polymer composites for electronic packaging applicationâ€, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 27(15), pp.1573-1584, 2008.
Khalil, A.M., Hassan, M.L. and Ward, A.A., “Novel nanofibrillated cellulose/polyvinylpyrrolidone/silver nanoparticles films with electrical conductivity propertiesâ€. Carbohydrate polymers, 157, pp. 503-511, 2017
Y. Shigetomi, Y. Ishimura, and Y. Yamamoto. "Trends in global dependency on the Indonesian palm oil and resultant environmental impacts." Scientific Reports 10.1: 1-11, 2020.
Septevani, A.A., Rifathin, A., Sari, A.A., Sampora, Y., Ariani, G.N. and Sondari, D., 2020. Oil palm empty fruit bunch-based nanocellulose as a super-adsorbent for water remediation. Carbohydrate polymers, 229, p.115433.
W. Suksong, W. Tukanghan, K. Promnuan, P. Kongjan, A. Reungsang, H. Insam, and O. Sompong. "Biogas production from palm oil mill effluent and empty fruit bunches by coupled liquid and solid-state anaerobic digestion." Bioresource technology, 296, 122304, 2020.
M.L. Foo, C.R. Tan, P.D. Lim, C.W. Ooi, K.W. Tan, I.M.L. Chew, “Surface-modified nanocrystalline cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch for effective binding of curcuminâ€. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 138, 1064–1071, 2019.
H.M. Yoo, S.W. Park, Y.C. Seo, K.H. Kim, “Applicability assessment of empty fruit bunches from palm oil mills for use as bio-solid refuse fuelsâ€, J. Environ. Manag., 234, 1–7, 2019.
S.H. Chang, "An overview of empty fruit bunch from oil palm as feedstock for bio-oil production." Biomass and Bioenergy, 62, 174-181, 2014.
M. Lévesque, S.P. Mathur and H. Morita, “A feasibility study on the possible use of cellulose content for characterizing histosols (organic soils)â€. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 12(4), pp.415-42, 1981.
A. Brown, S. P. Mathur, T. Kauri and D. J. Kushner, "Measurement and significance of cellulose in peat soils." Canadian journal of soil science 68, no. 4, 681-685, 1988.
S. Sabiham, "Properties of Indonesian peat in relation to the chemistry of carbon emission," In Proc. International Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries, pp. 205-216, 2010.
H.H. Hernández, A.M.R. Reynoso, J.C.T. González, C.O.G. Morán, J.G.M. Hernández, A.M. Ruiz, R.O.Cruz, T. González, “Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): A Review Study of Basic Aspects of the Corrosion Mechanism Applied to Steelsâ€, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, 2020.
N.V.. Blinova, J. Stejskal, M. Trchová, J. ProkeÅ¡, M. Omastová, “Polyaniline and polypyrrole: A comparative study of the preparationâ€, European polymer journal, 43(6):2331-41, Jun 2007.
J. Stejskal, and R. G. Gilbert. "Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC technical report)." Pure and applied chemistry, 74, no. 5, 857-867, 2002.
R. Ghanbari, S.R. Ghorbani, H. Arabi, and J. Foroughi, “The charge transport mechanisms in conducting polymer polypyrrole films and fibersâ€, Materials Research Express, 5(10), p.105701, 2018.
J. Rodriguez, H. J. Grande, and T. F. Otero. "Polypyrroles: from basic research to technological applications." Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers 2, 415-468, 1997.
D. Tamburini, J.J Åucejko,M. Zborowska, F. Modugno, E. Cantisani, M. Mamoňová, M.P. Colombini, “The short-term degradation of cellulosic pulp in lake water and peat soil: a multi-analytical study from the micro to the molecular levelâ€, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2017.
R.A.William, B. Sitorus, M. Barâ M, “Sintesis Polianilina pada Matriks Selulosa sebagai Elektrolit Padat pada Model Baterai Sederhanaâ€, Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa. 3(4), 2014.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 ELKHA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
1. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
2. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
