IoT-Based Application Design for Battery Discharge Condition With C-Rate Variation

Authors

  • Riza Hadi Saputra [Scopus ID:57190381334], Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-6735
  • Andhika Giyantara Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan.
  • Muhammad Ridho Dewanto Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan.
  • Jheskia Ardito Sawung Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v17i2.96225

Keywords:

Automation, control, power systems, renewable energy

Abstract

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are one of the most widely used energy storage technologies due to their advantages in high energy density, fast rechargeability, and efficiency. However, behind these advantages lie the weaknesses of lithium-ion batteries, namely that their performance and lifespan are greatly influenced by factors such as C-rate and lithium-ion battery temperature. A high C-rate can increase temperature and accelerate battery degradation, while a low C-rate tends to result in lower temperatures and more optimal capacity. This study aims to design an Internet of Things (IoT)-based State of Charge (SoC) monitoring system capable of real-time battery condition monitoring. The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller connected to a voltage sensor, an ACS712 current sensor, and an LM35 temperature sensor. The collected data is sent to Firebase and displayed through an Android application based on MIT App Inventor. The study focused on discharge cycles with varying C-rates: 1C, C/2, C/5, C/10, and C/20. SoC estimation was performed using the coulomb counting method. The results showed that as the C-rate decreases, the obtained capacity tends to increase, even exceeding the nominal capacity at C/20. Accuracy evaluation using RMSE yielded error values ranging from 0.12% to 4.04%. This system can serve as an effective solution for IoT-based battery monitoring

Author Biographies

Riza Hadi Saputra, [Scopus ID:57190381334], Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan.

Riza Hadi Saputra is an electrical engineering lecturer from ITK. He has a research trail related to batteries which range from performance (SoC, SoH, SoL) to hardware (BMS). Currently, he is focusing on pursuing the battery field by participating in grants at the local level (ITK internal grant), national (SIMLITABMAS), and international (ITSF).

Reviewing interests : Battery, State of Charge, State of Health, Battery Fault, Battery Performance, Battery Management.

Andhika Giyantara, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan.

Andhika Giyantara, S.T., M.T. S1 Teknik Elektro – Sistem Pengaturan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya S2 Teknik Elektro – Sistem Pengaturan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya

Muhammad Ridho Dewanto, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Informasi –Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Informatika, dan Bisnis – Institut Teknologi Kalimantan.

Muhammad Ridho Dewanto, S.T., M.T S1 Teknik Elektro Institut Teknologi Bandung S2 Teknik Elektro Institut Teknologi Bandung

References

E. Choi and S. Chang, “A Temperature-Dependent State of Charge Estimation Method including Hysteresis for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Hybrid Electric Vehicles,†IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 129857–129868, 2020.

K. M. M. Bawango, H. S. Kolibu, and S. H. J. Tongkukut, “Estimasi State of Charge Pada Baterai Li-ion Dengan Menggunakan Metode Coulomb Counting Estimation of State of Charge in Li-ion Batteries Using the Coulomb Counting Method,†vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 78–84, 2024.

S. Azizighalehsari, P. Venugopal, D. Pratap Singh, T. Batista Soeiro, and G. Rietveld, “Empowering Electric Vehicles Batteries: A Comprehensive Look at the Application and Challenges of Second-Life Batteries,†Batteries, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1–39, 2024.

M. Li, M. Feng, D. Luo, and Z. Chen, “Fast Charging Li-Ion Batteries for a New Era of Electric Vehicles,†Cell Reports Phys. Sci., vol. 1, no. 10, p. 100212, 2020.

A. Mikheenkova et al., “Ageing of High Energy Density Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: The Effect of Temperature and State-of-Charge,†J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 170, no. 8, p. 080503, 2023.

M. K. Tran and M. Fowler, “A review of lithium-ion battery fault diagnostic algorithms: Current progress and future challenges,†Algorithms, vol. 13, no. 3, 2020.

E. Aslan and Y. Yasa, “C-Rate- and Temperature-Dependent State-of-Charge Estimation Method for Li-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles,†Energies , vol. 17, no. 13, pp. 1–23, 2024.

K. C. Ndeche and S. O. Ezeonu, “Implementation of Coulomb Counting Method for Estimating the State of Charge of Lithium-Ion Battery,†Phys. Sci. Int. J., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1–8, 2021.

A. Gismero, E. Schaltz, and D. I. Stroe, “Recursive state of charge and state of health estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on coulomb counting and open circuit voltage,†Energies, vol. 13, no. 7, 2020.

Q. Yuan, X. Xu, L. Zhu, and G. Tong, “Effects of Local Thermal Accumulation Conditions on the Thermal Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries under High-Rate Charging,†J. Energy Eng., vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 1–12, 2020.

T. Kunatsa, H. C. Myburgh, and A. De Freitas, “A Review on State-of-Charge Estimation Methods, Energy Storage Technologies and State-of-the-Art Simulators: Recent Developments and Challenges,†World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 15, no. 9, p. 381, 2024.

M. Huang, W. Liu, T. Wang, H. Song, X. Li, and A. Liu, “A queuing delay utilization scheme for on-path service aggregation in services-oriented computing networks,†IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 23816–23833, 2019.

S. S. Madani, E. Schaltz, and S. K. Kær, “Effect of current rate and prior cycling on the coulombic efficiency of a lithium-ion battery,†Batteries, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2019.

X. Wang, Y. Chen, L. Chen, S. Liu, Y. Zhu, and Y. Deng, “The Impact of Wide Discharge C-Rates on the Voltage Plateau Performance of Cylindrical Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries,†Energies, vol. 17, no. 14, 2024.

S. Yang, C. Deng, Y. Zhang, and Y. He, “State of charge estimation for lithium-ion battery with a temperature-compensated model,†Energies, vol. 10, no. 10, 2017.

F. Zhao, Y. Guo, and B. Chen, “A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation Methods Based on Machine Learning,†World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 15, no. 4, 2024.

M. Wei, M. Ye, J. B. Li, Q. Wang, and X. X. Xu, “State of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries using dynamic neural network based on sine cosine algorithm,†Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng., vol. 236, no. 2–3, pp. 241–252, 2022.

M. Alipour, C. Ziebert, F. V. Conte, and R. Kizilel, “A review on temperature-dependent electrochemical properties, aging, and performance of lithium-ion cells,†Batteries, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–32, 2020.

H. Wang et al., “Underpotential lithium plating on graphite anodes caused by temperature heterogeneity,†Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 117, no. 47, pp. 29453–29461, 2020.

S. Ma et al., “Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A review,†Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 653–666, 2018.

P. Kumari, A. K. Singh, and N. Kumar, “Optimized deep learning strategy for estimation of state of charge at different C-rate with varying temperature,†Electr. Eng., vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 3853–3860, 2023.

R. H. Saputra, M. A. Nursyeha, and M. Chilmi, “Perancangan Sistem Scada Battery Management System Menggunakan Mysql Dan Wonderware Intouch,†E-Link J. Tek. Elektro dan Inform., vol. 18, no. 2, p. 1, 2023.

S. Haldar, S. Mondal, A. Mondal, and R. Banerjee, “Battery Management System Using State of Charge Estimation: An IOT Based Approach,†2020 Natl. Conf. Emerg. Trends Sustain. Technol. Eng. Appl. NCETSTEA 2020, pp. 7–11, 2020.

A. Akbar, Z. Zaenudin, Z. Mutaqin, and L. D. Samsumar, “IoT-Based Smart Room Using Web Server-Based Esp32 Microcontroller,†Formosa J. Comput. Inf. Sci., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 79–86, 2022.

S. Rawat, D. K. Saini, S. Choudhury, and M. Yadav, “Advanced Monitoring and Real-Time State of Temperature Prediction in Lithium-Ion Cells Under Abusive Discharge Conditions Using Data-Driven Modelling,†World Electr. Veh. J., vol. 15, no. 11, 2024.

S. Liu and K. Li, “Thermal monitoring of lithium-ion batteries based on machine learning and fibre Bragg grating sensors,†Trans. Inst. Meas. Control, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1570–1578, 2023.

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2025-10-20

Issue

Vol. 17 No.2 October 2025

Section

Vol. 17 No.2 October 2025

License

Copyright (c) 2025 ELKHA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

1. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access


Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License  that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See  The Effect of Open Access).

2. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access


Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License  that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See  The Effect of Open Access).