TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP SECURITY EXCEPTIONS BERDASARKAN PASAL XXI GATT DALAM HUBUNGAN DAGANG ANTARA TIONGKOK-AMERIKA SERIKAT
Abstract
ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan klausul pengecualian keamanan nasional (security exceptions) sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal XXI GATT 1994 dalam hubungan dagang antara Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada indikator hukum yang menentukan legitimasi penggunaan security exceptions serta kesesuaiannya dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, khususnya melalui analisis putusan WTO dalam perkara United States – Steel and Aluminium Products dan Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan tarif Amerika Serikat terhadap produk Tiongkok tidak memenuhi unsur keadaan darurat dalam hubungan internasional sebagaimana dipersyaratkan dalam Pasal XXI(b)(iii) GATT. Penerapan kebijakan tersebut lebih mencerminkan kepentingan proteksionisme ekonomi dibandingkan perlindungan keamanan nasional yang sah. Penggunaan security exceptions yang tidak proporsional berpotensi melemahkan prinsip nondiskriminasi, kepastian hukum, serta legitimasi sistem perdagangan multilateral berbasis aturan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembatasan interpretasi yang objektif dan penerapan prinsip itikad baik untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan klausul pengecualian keamanan dalam praktik perdagangan internasional. Kata Kunci: Security Exceptions, Pasal XXI GATT, Hubungan dagang, Amerika Serikat–Tiongkok, WTO, Keamanan Nasional ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the application of the national security exception clause as regulated under Article XXI of the GATT 1994 in the context of the trade war between the United States and Tiongkok. The study focuses on identifying the legal indicators that determine the legitimacy of invoking security exceptions and examining their consistency with the fundamental principles of the WTO multilateral trading system. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches, particularly through the analysis of WTO panel reports in United States – Steel and Aluminium Products and Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit. The findings indicate that the tariff measures imposed by the United States on Chinese products do not fulfill the requirement of an emergency in international relations as stipulated under Article XXI(b)(iii) of the GATT. These measures tend to reflect economic protectionism rather than a genuine national security necessity. The improper use of security exceptions has the potential to undermine the principles of non-discrimination, legal certainty, and the credibility of the rules-based multilateral trading system. Therefore, an objective interpretative framework and the application of the principle of good faith are essential to prevent the misuse of national security exceptions in international trade practices Keywords: Security Exceptions, Article XXI GATT, Trade War, United States–Tiongkok, WTO, National SecurityReferences
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