PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM LENDER ATAS GAGAL BAYAR BORROWER DALAM LAYANAN FINTECH PEER-TO-PEER LENDING

Abstract

ABSTRAK Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah memberikan dampak di sektor jasa keuangan, salah satunya dengan hadirnya layanan fintech peer-to-peer lending yang mempertemukan antara lender dan borrower melalui platform yang dikelola oleh penyelenggara untuk melakukan perjanjian pendanaan. Namun, dalam praktiknya layanan ini memiliki risiko yaitu gagal bayar (default) oleh borrower. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui akibat hukum gagal bayar bagi borrower, serta menganalisis perlindungan hukum bagi lender atas risiko gagal bayar oleh borrower dalam layanan fintech peer-to-peer lending. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif. Pendekatan penelitian ini yang digunakan mencakup pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Jenis data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum, serta bahan hukum tersier. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis kualitatif melalui penafsiran konsep-konsep hukum perjanjian, pinjam-meminjam, serta pengaturan terkait fintech lending. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gagal bayar oleh borrower diklasifikasikan sebagai bentuk wanprestasi atau cedera janji. Sehingga akibat hukum yang timbul bagi borrower yaitu kewajiban penggantian biaya, kerugian, dan bunga. Selain itu, akibat hukum lainnya yaitu surat peringatan atas gagal bayar, pengenaan denda keterlambatan, tercatatnya riwayat kredit buruk pada Sistem Layanan Informasi Keuangan (SLIK) Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), hingga proses penagihan oleh pihak ketiga melalui debt collector. Sementara itu, perlindungan hukum terhadap lender melalui upaya preventif dan represif. Secara preventif, perlindungan diwujudkan melalui kewajiban penyelenggara untuk transparansi mengenai kinerja dan risiko pendanaan, melakukan penilaian kelayakan borrower melalui credit scoring, melakukan penagihan, dan melakukan pengalihan risiko melalui asuransi dan/atau penjaminan kredit dalam hal terjadi pendanaan macet. Secara represif, perlindungan hukum dilakukan melalui mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yaitu litigasi atau non-litigasi melalui Internal Dispute Resolution (IDR) dan/atau Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan (LAPS SJK). Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Lender, Gagal Bayar, Fintech Peer-To-Peer Lending. ABSTRACT The development of information technology has impacted the financial services sector, one example being the emergence of fintech peer-to-peer lending services that connect lenders and borrowers through platforms managed by providers to enter into financing agreements. However, in practice, these services carry the risk of borrower default. This study aims to determine the legal consequences of default for borrowers and analyze legal protection for lenders against the risk of default by borrowers in fintech peer-to-peer lending services. The research method used is normative juridical, with a descriptive nature. The research approach employed includes a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The data used is secondary data, consisting of primary legal materials, legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively through the interpretation of legal concepts of contracts, borrowing and lending, and regulations related to fintech lending. The research results show that default by borrowers is classified as a form of breach of contract. Legal consequences for borrowers include the obligation to reimburse costs, losses, and interest. Other legal consequences include notification of default through the application, the imposition of late fees, recording of a bad credit history in the Financial Services Authority (OJK) Financial Information Services System (SLIK), and the collection process by third parties through debt collectors. Meanwhile, legal protection for lenders is through preventive and repressive efforts. Preventively, protection is realized through the organizer's obligation to be transparent regarding funding performance and risks, assessing borrower eligibility through credit scoring, collecting funds, and transferring risk through insurance and/or credit guarantees in the event of non-performing funding. Repressively, legal protection is carried out through dispute resolution mechanisms, namely litigation or non-litigation through Internal Dispute Resolution (IDR) and/or the Alternative Institution for Financial Services Sector Dispute Resolution (LAPS SJK) through mediation and arbitration using the Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) system. Keywords: Legal Protection, Lender, Default, Fintech Peer-To-Peer Lending.