LEGALITAS PENGGUNAAN EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS OLEH RUSIA TERHADAP UKRAINA SERTA IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAPEXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DI WILAYAH BERPENDUDUK
Abstract
ABSTRAK Penggunaan senjata peledak oleh Rusia dalam konflik bersenjata internasional dengan Ukraina menimbulkan permasalahan hukum dan kemanusiaan yang serius, khususnya ketika digunakan di wilayah berpenduduk. Karakteristik ledakan dengan dampak luas berpotensi menimbulkan efek yang tidak dapat dibatasi secara presisi terhadap sasaran militer, sehingga meningkatkan risiko terjadinya serangan yang tidak membeda-bedakan sasaran (indiscriminate attack) yang dapat membahayakan penduduk sipil dan objek sipil. Selain dampak langsung berupa korban jiwa dan kerusakan infrastruktur sipil, penggunaan senjata tersebut juga menghasilkan sisa-sisa bahan peledak perang (explosive remnants of war / ERW) yang menimbulkan ancaman jangka panjang dan menghambat pemulihan pascakonflik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis legalitas penggunaan senjata peledak oleh Rusia berdasarkan Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI), khususnya prinsip pembedaan (distinction), proporsionalitas (proportionality), dan kehati-hatian (precaution), serta mengkaji peran Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA) sebagai instrumen hukum tidak mengikat (soft law) dalam memperkuat implementasi hukum mengikat (hard law). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan senjata peledak oleh Rusia dengan dampak luas di wilayah berpenduduk yang bersifat tidak membeda-bedakan tersebut melanggar Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Selain itu, keberadaan sisa bahan peledak yang merupakan implikasi dari penggunaan senjata peledak, menimbulkan kewajiban negara terhadap Rusia dan Ukraina untuk melakukan pembersihan, memberikan perlindungan, serta menangani dampak lanjutan konflik terhadap penduduk sipil. Kata Kunci: senjata peledak, wilayah berpenduduk, sisa bahan peledak perang, hukum humaniter internasional. ABSTRACT The use of explosive weapons by Russia in the international armed conflict with Ukraine raises serious legal and humanitarian concerns, particularly when used in populated areas. The wide-area effects of such explosions may produce impacts that cannot be precisely limited to military objectives, thereby increasing the risk of indiscriminate attacks that endanger civilians and civilian objects. In addition to the immediate consequences in the form of casualties and damage to civilian infrastructure, the use of such weapons also generates explosive remnants of war (ERW), which pose long-term threats and hinder post-conflict recovery. This research aims to analyze the legality of Russia’s use of explosive weapons under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), particularly the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution, as well as to examine the role of the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (EWIPA) as a non-binding legal instrument (soft law) in strengthening the implementation of binding law (hard law). This study constitutes normative legal research employing statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that Russia’s use of explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas that is indiscriminate in nature violates International Humanitarian Law. Furthermore, the existence of explosive remnants of war as a consequence of the use of explosive weapons creates state obligations for Russia and Ukraine to conduct clearance, provide protection, and address the continuing impacts of the conflict on the civilian population. Keywords: explosive weapons, populated areas, explosive remnants of war, international humanitarian law.References
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