PERBANDINGAN PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP ANAK KORBAN SEX TRAFFICKING DI INDONESIA DAN FILIPINA MENURUT PROTOKOL OPSIONAL KONVENSI HAK-HAK ANAK MENGENAI PENJUALAN ANAK, PROSTITUSI ANAK DAN PORNOGRAFI ANAK (OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This research aims to examine the comparison of the protection of sex trafficking child victims in Indonesia and in the Philippines through a legal review according to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC). The research method used is normative juridical research. The sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary data to strengthen the analysis in terms of the norms that apply in both countries. The author is interested in examining this legal comparison due to the difference in the number of cases of sex trafficking that occur in both countries, whereas the Philippines has experienced a decrease in the number of cases and Indonesia is vice versa. The cases examined in this research revolved around the development of cases during the post-COVID 19 period or after the pandemic, due to the increasing number of human trafficking that occurred in the aforesaid period. The Philippines and Indonesia are the two countries in ASEAN region, both countries have more or less similar culture and legal system. Therefore, a comparison of laws can be made to analyze the differences in protection.
Keywords : Sex Trafficking, Protection, Children, Rights, Indonesia, Philippines
ABSTRAK
Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perbandingan perlindungan anak korban Sex Trafficking di Indonesia dan di Filipina melalui peninjauan menurut Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan data penunjang untuk memperkuat analisa dalam segi norma yang berlaku dalam kedua negara. Penulis tertarik untuk meneliti perbandingan hukum ini dikarenakan oleh perbedaan angka kasus Sex Trafficking yang terjadi di kedua negara, dimana Filipina mengalami penurunan angka kasus dan Indonesia mengalami kenaikan dalam hal yang sama. Kasus yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini berkisar dalam perkembangan kasus selama masa post-COVID 19 atau setelah pandemi, dikarenakan melonjaknya angka perdagangan manusia yang terjadi selama periode tersebut. Mengenal Filipina dan Indonesia sebagai kedua negara yang berada dalam kawasan ASEAN dan memiliki budaya serta sistem hukum yang kurang lebih sama, perbandingan hukum dapat dilakukan untuk menganalisa perbedaan perlindungan tersebut.
Kata Kunci : Sex Trafficking, Perlindungan, Anak, Hak, Indonesia, FilipinaReferences
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Buku :
H.C Gutteridge, 1946, Comparative Law, Cambridge Studies, Hal. 10
L.J van Apeldoorn, 1982, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 434
Notoatmodjo. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kesehatan. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
Purnadi Purbacaraka dan Soerjono Soekanto, 1982, Perihal Kaedah Hukum, Alumni, Bandung, Hal.11
Quinney, R. (1975). Criminology: Analysis and Critique of Crime in America. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Rahardjo, S. (1986). Ilmu Hukum. Alumni, Bandung.
Sahetapy, J. E. (1987). Viktimologi: Sebuah Bunga Rampai. Sinar Harapan, Jakarta.
Soekanto, S. (1979). Perbandingan Hukum. Alumni, Bandung.
Sunaryati Hartono, 1991, Kapita Selekta Perbandingan Hukum, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung
Wiyono. (n.d.). Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia. Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Yulia, R. (2010). Viktimologi Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Kejahatan. Graha Ilmu Yogyakarta.
Jurnal :
Adams, W. (2013, Juni 13). Tinjauan Aspek Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang, (Paper pada Materi diskusi Fraksi Partai Gerindra DPR RI).
Lubis, H. S. (2018). Tinjauan Yuridis Pemberantasan Narkotika Berdasarkan Program Rehabilitasi Bagi Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkoba di Kota Batam. (Universitas Internasional Batam).
ILO. (2017). Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage.
Sofian, A. (2018). Weighting Approaches on Online Sexual Abuse of Children: Cultural Prevention or Crime-Based Enforcement?, Vol. 01 No. 2(Udayana Journal of Law and Culture), 193.
Office of the Commissioner United Nations, 2014, Fact Sheet No. 36 Human Rights and Human Trafficking, New York and Geneva, Hal. 1
Setiono, 2004, “Rule of Law (Supremasi Hukum)â€, Surakarta: Tesis Magister Ilmu Hukum Program Pascasarjana Universitas Sebelas Maret, hal. 3
United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12-13.
End Violence Against Children, 2019, “Child Online Safetyâ€, hal. 5
SRSG On Violence Against Children, Raising Understanding among Children and Young People on the OPSC, Hal. 16
ECPAT International. (2017, September). Regional Overview: Sexual Exploitation of Children in Southeast Asia, (Regional Overview ECPAT International).
USA Department of State. (2020, September 4). Trafficking in Persons Report 20th Edition. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-TIP-Report-Complete-062420-FINAL.pdf
Internet :
United Nations. (n.d.). International Day for the Abolition of Slavery. https://www.un.org/en/observances/slavery-abolition-day (diakses pada 24 Juli 2022)
United Nations. (n.d.). Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations. the United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights (diakses pada 15 Agustus 2022)
UN Publications, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking: Commentary, available via: URL: www.ohchr.org
Holisah, Geotimes, 2022, Tindak Perdagangan Manusia dan kaitan dengan Pelanggaran HAM, Cited 14 November 2022, available from: URL: https://geotimes.id/opini/tindak-perdagangan-manusia-dan-kaitan-dengan-pelanggaran-ham/#:~:text=Menurut%20Gajic%20Veljanoski%2C%20
transaksi%20jual,perlindungan%2C%20serta%20kebebasan%20dalam%20bergerak.
Humanium, “Understanding Children’s Right to Protectionâ€, Cited 10 November 2022, available from: URL: https://www.humanium.org/en/protection/
UNICEF, 2019, “Four principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Childâ€, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL: https://www.unicef.org/armenia/en/stories/four-principles-convention-rights-child
Law Insider, “Children in need of special protection definitionâ€, Cited 10 November 2022, available from: URL: https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/children-in-need-of-special-protection
M. Glasser, 2001, “Cycle of child sexual abuse: links between being a victim and becoming a perpetratorâ€, Cited 11 November 2022, available from: URL : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11731348/ , DOI : 10.1192/bjp.179.6.482
UNTC, 11. c Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Cited 11 November 2022, available from: URL: https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&clang=_en
Violence Against Children, “Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child†(Cited 29 Juli 2022) available from: URL: https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/content/optional-protocols-crc
The Asean Post, 2019, Worst place in ASEAN for children, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL: https://theaseanpost.com/article/worst-place-asean-children
U.S Department of State, 2022, 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Philippines, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL : https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/philippines/#:~:text=Sex%20trafficking%20occurs%20in%20tourist,
demand%20for%20commercial%20sex%20acts.
Rumah Faye, 2020, Semua Hal yang Perlu Kita Ketahui tentang Maraknya Eksploitasi Seksual pada Anak, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL: https://rumahfaye.or.id/id/2020/06/05/semua-hal-yang-perlu-kita-ketahui-tentang-maraknya-eksploitasi-seksual-pada-anak/
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, 2020, “ANGKA KEKERASAN TERHADAP ANAK TINGGI DI MASA PANDEMI, KEMEN PPPA SOSIALISASIKAN PROTOKOL PERLINDUNGAN ANAKâ€, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL: https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/2738/angka-kekerasan-terhadap-anak-tinggi-di-masa-pandemi-kemen-pppa-sosialisasikan-protokol-perlindungan-anak
KEMEN PPPA, 2020, “SAAT PANDEMI, ANAK DI WILAYAH BENCANA RENTAN MENGALAMI EKSPLOITASI DAN TRAFFICKINGâ€, Cited 14 November 2022, available from: URL: https://kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/2774/saat-pandemi-anak-di-wilayah-bencana-rentan-mengalami-eksploitasi-dan-trafficking
Rumah Faye, Eksploitasi Anak: Keadilan dan Perlindungan Hukum bagi Korban, Cited 14 November 2022, available from: URL: https://rumahfaye.or.id/id/perlindungan-anak-korban-eksploitasi/
National Center of Missing and Exploited Children, 2018, “Child Sexual Abuse Materialâ€, available from: URL: https://www.missingkids.org/theissues/csam
SaferKidsPH, 2020, What is Happening?, available from: URL: https://www.saferkidsph.org/
Patrick T. Rillorta, Republic of the Philippines, Department of Labor and Employment, Trafficking in Persons, Cited 14 November 2022, available from: URL: https://car.dole.gov.ph/news/trafficking-in-persons/
ABC News. (2018, June 13). Australian handed life sentence for human trafficking, rape in Philippines: reports. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-14/australian-peter-scully-convicted-in-philippines/9868958 (Diakses pada 26 Juli 2022)
Prahasscitta, V. (2019, August 25). PENELITIAN HUKUM NORMATIF DAN PENELITIAN HUKUM YURUDIS. Business Law. https://business-law.binus.ac.id/2019/08/25/penelitian-hukum-normatif-dan-penelitian-hukum-yurudis/ (Diakses pada 13 Agustus 2022)
Moore, L. (2020, May 4). Indonesia's child prostitution problem. The ASEAN Post. https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesias-child-prostitution-problem (Diakses pada 26 Juli 2022)
World Hope. (2020, October 15). OSEC: A Modern Face of Human Trafficking - Philippines. ReliefWeb. https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/osec-modern-face-human-trafficking (diakses pada 25 Juli 2022)
The ASEAN Post. (2020, December 19). ASEAN's Child Sex Trade Thriving. The ASEAN Post. https://theaseanpost.com/article/aseans-child-sex-trade-thriving-0 (diakses pada 26 Juli 2022)
Rumah Faye. (2021, September 15). Sebuah Petunjuk Mengidentifikasi Online Sexual Exploitation of Children (OSEC). Rumah Faye. https://rumahfaye.or.id/id/2021/09/15/mengidentifikasi-osec/ (diakses pada 25 Juli 2022)
KOMNAS HAM. (2021, December 7). Perbudakan Masih Ada di Sekitar Kita. Komnas HAM. https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/news/2021
/12/7/2020/perbudakan-masih-ada-di-sekitar-kita.html (Diakses pada 15 Agustus 2022)
NSPCC, What is Child Abuse, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/child-trafficking/
Unimelb, 2022, Southeast Asian Region Countries Law, Cited 13 November 2022, available from: URL: https://unimelb.libguides.com/c.php?g=930183&p=6722001#:~:text=The%20Philippine%20legal%20system%20is,Spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.
BATASNATIN, DURATION AND EFFECTS OF PENALTIES, Cited 20 November 2022, available via: URL: https://batasnatin.com/law-library/criminal-law/crimes-and-penalties/1299-duration-and-effects-of-penalties.html
Peraturan :
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana
Optional Protocol on the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Prostitution
Republic Act 10175 on Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012;
Republic Act 10364 on Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012
Republic Act 7610 on Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act;
Republic Act 9208 on Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003;
Republic Act 9231 on An Act Providing for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor and Affording Stronger Protection for the Working Child;
Republic Act 9344 on Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006;
Republic Act 9775 on Anti-child Pornography Act 2009;
Republic Act 9995 on Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009
Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4235, Penjelasan atas Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak
Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan
Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik
Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Pertama Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak
Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia
Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi
