TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP HAK IMUNITAS KEPALA NEGARA DI HADAPAN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (Studi Terhadap Surat Penangkapan Vladimir Putin)
Abstract
Abstract
The development of the right of immunity and its deviations is increasingly attracting the attention of observers of international law, in this case, related to the recent case of Russian President Vladimir Putin, who was accused of committing international crimes by the International Criminal Court related to war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This study aims to analyze the ICC's jurisdiction in trying heads of state who do not ratify the 1998 Rome Statute and to analyze international law in implementing the right of immunity possessed by heads of state who commit war crimes before the ICC.This type of research uses normative juridical legal research methods with a legal conceptual approach and a case approach. The research results obtained show that the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in trying the Head of State of Russia (Vladimir Putin), who is accused of committing international crimes, is a must in the individual accountability mechanism before international law, even though Russia is not a country that ratified the 1998 Rome Statute as stipulated in Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute 1998 allows the ICC to exercise its jurisdiction. The right of immunity for the head of state of Russia (Vladimir Putin) who is accused of committing international crimes before the ICC cannot affect his jurisdiction, as stipulated in the 1998 Rome Statute, which is the foundation of the ICC regarding the mechanism of individual responsibility for international crimes in this case in Article 27. Therefore, the right of immunity for heads of state and state officials cannot affect the jurisdiction of the ICC.
Keywords: Arrest Letter, ICC, Immunity, International Crimes, Vladimir Putin
Abstrak
Perkembangan hak imunitas dan penyimpangannya semakin menarik perhatian para pengamat hukum internasional, dalam hal ini yaitu terkait kasus terbaru dari Presiden Rusia Vladimir Putin yang dituduh telah melakukan kejahatan Internasional oleh International Criminal Court terkait kejahatan perang dan kejahatan kemanusiaan pada invasi Rusia ke Ukraina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis yuridiksi ICC dalam mengadili kepala negara yang tidak meratifikasi Statuta Roma 1998 serta menganalisis hukum internasional dalam menerapkan hak imunitas yang dimiliki kepala negara yang melakukan kejahatan perang di hadapan ICC. Jenis penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual hukum dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa yuridiksi International Criminal Court dalam mengadili Kepala Negara Rusia (Vladimir Putin) yang dituduh telah melakukan kejahatan internasional merupakan suatu keharusan dalam mekanisme pertanggung jawaban individu dihadapan hukum internasional, meskipun Rusia tidak termasuk negara yang meratifikasi Statuta Roma 1998 sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 12 (3) Statuta Roma 1998 memungkinkan ICC untuk menerapkan yuridiksinya. Hak imunity kepala negara Rusia (Vladimir Putin) yang dituduh telah melakukan kejahatan Internasional di hadapan ICC tidak dapat mempengaruhi yuridiksinya, sebagaimana telah diatur dalam Statuta Roma 1998 yang menjadi landasan ICC terkait mekanisme pertanggungjawaban individu terhadap kejahatan internasional dalam hal ini pada Pasal 27. Oleh karena itu, hak imunity bagi kepala negara dan/atau pejabat negara tidak dapat mempengaruhi yuridiksi ICC.
Kata Kunci: Hak Imunitas, ICC, Kejahatan Internasional, Surat Penangkapan, Vladimir PutinReferences
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Lampiran 1. Surat Penetapan ICC terhadap Kejahatan yang Terjadi di Ukraina
Situation in Ukraine
Number : ICC-01/22
Situation referred to the ICC by 43 States Parties: March - April 2022
ICC investigations opened: 2 March 2022
Focus: Alleged crimes committed in the context of situation in Ukraine since 21 November 2013
Current regional focus: Ukraine
JURISDICTION IN THE GENERAL SITUATION
Ukraine is not a State Party to the Rome Statute, but it has twice exercised its prerogatives to accept the Court's jurisdiction over alleged crimes under the Rome Statute occurring on its territory, pursuant to article 12(3) of the Statute. The first declaration lodged by the Government of Ukraine accepted ICC jurisdiction with respect to alleged crimes committed on Ukrainian territory from 21 November 2013 to 22 February 2014. The second declaration extended this time period on an open-ended basis to encompass ongoing alleged crimes committed throughout the territory of Ukraine from 20 February 2014 onwards.
On 28 February 2022, the ICC Prosecutor announced he would seek authorisation to open an investigation into the Situation in Ukraine, on the basis of the Office's earlier conclusions arising from its preliminary examination, and encompassing any new alleged crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the Court.
On 1 March 2022, the Office received a State Party referral from the Republic of Lithuania. On 2 March 2022, the following coordinated group of States Parties submitted a joint referral: Republic of Albania, Commonwealth of Australia, Republic of Austria, Kingdom of Belgium, Republic of Bulgaria, Canada, Republic of Colombia, Republic of Costa Rica, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Kingdom of Denmark, Republic of Estonia, Republic of Finland, Republic of France, Georgia, Federal Republic of Germany, Hellenic Republic, Hungary, Republic of Iceland, Ireland, Republic of Italy, Republic of Latvia, Principality of Liechtenstein, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Republic of Malta, New Zealand, Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Republic of Poland, Republic of Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Republic of Slovenia, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Sweden, Swiss Confederation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
On 2 March 2022, the Prosecutor announced he had proceeded to open an investigation into the Situation in Ukraine on the basis of the referrals received. In accordance with the overall jurisdictional parameters conferred through these referrals, and without prejudice to the focus of the investigation, the scope of the situation encompasses any past and present allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide committed on any part of the territory of Ukraine by any person from 21 November 2013 onwards.
On 11 March 2022, the Prosecutor confirmed that two additional States, Japan and North Macedonia, have referred the Situation in Ukraine to the Office. On 21 March 2022, Montenegro further informed the Office of it's decision to join the group State Party referral, and on 1 April 2022, the Republic of Chile joined the group State Party referral of the situation.
On 17 March 2023, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II issued warrants of arrest for two individuals in the context of the situation in Ukraine: Mr Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, President of the Russian Federation, and Ms Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova, Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the Office of the President of the Russian Federation. Based on the Prosecution’s applications of 22 February 2023, Pre-Trial Chamber II considered that there are reasonable grounds to believe that each suspect bears responsibility for the war crime of unlawful deportation of population (children) and that of unlawful transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine to the Russian Federation, in prejudice of Ukrainian children.
The Office of the Prosecutor has established a dedicated portal through which any person that may hold information relevant to the Ukraine situation can contact ICC investigators.
SUSPECTS
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Born on 7 October 1952, President of the Russian Federation. Allegedly responsible for the war crime of unlawful deportation of population (children) and that of unlawful transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine to the Russian Federation (under articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and 8(2)(b)(viii) of the Rome Statute). The crimes were allegedly committed in Ukrainian occupied territory at least from 24 February 2022. There are reasonable grounds to believe that Mr Putin bears individual criminal responsibility for the aforementioned crimes, (i) for having committed the acts directly, jointly with others and/or through others (article 25(3)(a) of the Rome Statute), and (ii) for his failure to exercise control properly over civilian and military subordinates who committed the acts, or allowed for their commission, and who were under his effective authority and control, pursuant to superior responsibility (article 28(b) of the Rome Statute).
Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova
Born on 25 October 1984, Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the Office of the President of the Russian Federation. Allegedly responsible for the war crime of unlawful deportation of population (children) and that of unlawful transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine to the Russian Federation (under articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and 8(2)(b)(viii) of the Rome Statute). The crimes were allegedly committed in Ukrainian occupied territory at least from 24 February 2022. There are reasonable grounds to believe that Ms Lvova-Belova bears individual criminal responsibility for the aforementioned crimes, for having committed the acts directly, jointly with others and/or through others (article 25(3)(a) of the Rome Statute).
