PERAN KONSULER INDONESIA DALAM MENANGANI KEKERASAN TERHADAP MIGRAN PEREMPUAN DI ARAB SAUDI: PERSPEKTIF KONVENSI WINA 1963
Abstract
Abstract Indonesian female migrant workers in Saudi Arabia face high vulnerability to various forms of violence and discrimination. This situation is exacerbated by the dominant Kafalah system, deep-rooted patriarchal culture, and limited access to adequate legal protection mechanisms. This research specifically aims to comprehensively analyze the role and effectiveness of Indonesian consular functions in Saudi Arabia in handling cases of violence experienced by female migrant workers, using the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations as the primary perspectival basis. To achieve this objective, this research employs a normative juridical research method. The main approaches utilized are the statute approach, focusing on the analysis of the 1963 Vienna Convention and relevant national laws concerning migrant worker protection, and the conceptual approach to understand key concepts such as protective diplomacy and consular functions. The research findings reveal that Indonesian consular representatives in Saudi Arabia, namely the Indonesian Embassy in Riyadh and the Indonesian Consulate General in Jeddah, have principally performed various protection functions as mandated by the 1963 Vienna Convention, such as providing shelter, legal assistance, and repatriation facilitation. Nevertheless, the implementation of these roles encounters significant obstacles. The primary identified constraints include limited human and budgetary resources at the representative offices; the absence of a crucial Mandatory Consular Notification (MCN) agreement between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia for the notification of detained Indonesian nationals; the complexity and lack of impartiality of the Saudi Arabian legal system towards female migrant workers; and the low level of legal literacy and rights awareness among the migrant workers themselves. Keywords: Consular Role, Migrant Workers, Violence, Vienna Convention, Protection Abstrak Pekerja migran perempuan Indonesia di Arab Saudi menghadapi kerentanan tinggi terhadap berbagai bentuk kekerasan dan diskriminasi. Kondisi ini diperburuk oleh sistem Kafalah yang dominan, budaya patriarki yang mengakar, serta terbatasnya akses terhadap mekanisme perlindungan hukum yang memadai. Penelitian ini secara spesifik bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara mendalam peran dan efektivitas fungsi konsuler Indonesia di Arab Saudi dalam menangani kasus-kasus kekerasan yang menimpa pekerja migran perempuan, dengan menggunakan Konvensi Wina 1963 tentang Hubungan Konsuler sebagai landasan perspektif utama. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan utama yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), yang difokuskan pada analisis terhadap Konvensi Wina 1963 dan peraturan perundang-undangan nasional terkait perlindungan pekerja migran, serta pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) untuk memahami konsep-konsep kunci seperti diplomasi perlindungan dan fungsi konsuler. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa perwakilan konsuler Indonesia di Arab Saudi, yaitu KBRI Riyadh dan KJRI Jeddah, pada dasarnya telah menjalankan berbagai fungsi perlindungan sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh Konvensi Wina 1963, seperti penyediaan shelter, pendampingan hukum, dan fasilitasi repatriasi. Meskipun demikian, implementasi peran tersebut dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala signifikan. Kendala-kendala utama yang teridentifikasi meliputi keterbatasan sumber daya manusia dan anggaran di kantor perwakilan, belum adanya perjanjian Mandatory Consular Notification (MCN) antara Indonesia dan Arab Saudi yang krusial untuk notifikasi penahanan WNI, kompleksitas dan ketidakberpihakan sistem hukum Arab Saudi terhadap pekerja migran perempuan, serta rendahnya tingkat literasi hukum dan kesadaran akan hak di kalangan pekerja migran itu sendiri. Kata Kunci: Peran Konsuler, Pekerja Migran, Kekerasan, Konvensi Wina, PerlindunganReferences
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