Studi Kehilangan Air pada District Metered Area Plamongan Indah di Wilayah Pelayanan Semarang Timur Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal Kota Semarang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26418/jtllb.v14i1.99002Keywords:
Water losses, Water balance, District Metered Area, Infrastructure Leakage IndexAbstract
Non-Revenue Water (NRW) remains a significant challenge in drinking water supply systems as it affects both technical performance and financial efficiency. In 2024, Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal Semarang recorded an NRW level of 44.59%. This study aims to evaluate water losses in the Plamongan Indah District Metered Area (DMA) and to formulate appropriate control strategies. Primary data were obtained through field measurements of flow and pressure and customer meter accuracy tests, while secondary data included network maps, distribution volumes, and consumption records. The analysis was conducted by preparing a water balance using WB-EasyCalc and evaluating leakage performance through the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). The results show that water losses in the Plamongan Indah DMA amounted to 47.53%, or 275,850 m³ per year. These losses consist of 43.19% physical losses (250,693 m³) and 4.33% apparent losses (25,157 m³), with an estimated annual financial impact of IDR 1.603.791.900. The ILI value of 16.04 places the DMA in category D according to the International Water Association classification, indicating a very high leakage rate and inefficient resource utilization. Recommended strategies include implementing active leakage control, applying effective pressure management, replacing customer meters older than five years, and reducing illegal connections. These measures are expected to reduce NRW levels significantly and improve the efficiency of water supply management at Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal.References
AbuEltayef, H., AbuAlhin, K., & Alastal, K. (2025). A Novel Method for Evaluating and Establishing Benchmarks for Non-Revenue Water through Performance Indicators ({NRWPI}). Discover Water, 5, 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00305-y
Alsaydalani, M. O. (2024). Hydraulic Modelling for Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Systems Through Pressure Control. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 18, e18741495289971. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741495289971240112101323
Benavides-Muñoz, H. M. (2025). Index of Sustainability of Water Supply Systems (ISA): An Autonomous Framework for Urban Water Sustainability Assessment in Data-Scarce Settings. Sustainability, 17(24), 11293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411293
Benavides-Muñoz, H. M., & others. (2023). Temporal Fluctuations in Household Water Consumption and Water Meter Error Implications for Apparent Losses. Water, 15(10), 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101895
Carneiro, J., & others. (2024). Integrating Uncertainty in Performance Assessment of Water Distribution Networks. Water, 16(7), 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070977
Direktorat Air Minum, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat (PUPR). (2024). Buku Kinerja {BUMD} Air Minum Tahun 2024. https://data.pu.go.id/buku-kinerja-bumd-air-minum-tahun-2024
Domingos, J. M. F., & others. (2024). Analysis of the Water Indicators in the {UI} {GreenMetric} World University Rankings: Metering, Verification, and Management Implications. Sustainability, 16(20), 9014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209014
Ferrante, M., & others. (2022). A Laboratory Set-Up for the Analysis of Intermittent Water Supply Effects on Water Meter Accuracy. Water, 14(6), 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060936
Giudicianni, V., & others. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques in Enhancing Acoustic Noise Loggers’ Leak Detection. Water, 17(16), 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162427
Harenda, M. S. N., & Nurhayati, E. (2024). Studi Tingkat Kehilangan Air Minum {Perumda} Air Minum Tirta Moedal Kota Semarang dengan Neraca Air {WB-EasyCalc} dan {Infrastructure} {Leakage} {Index} ({ILI}). Journal Serambi Engineering, 9(4). https://jse.serambimekkah.id/index.php/jse/article/view/540
Hayslep, M., Keedwell, E., Farmani, R., & Pocock, J. (2024). Attributing Minimum Night Flow to Individual Pipes in Real-World Water Distribution Networks Using Machine Learning. Engineering Proceedings, 69(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069112
Horbatuck, K. H., & Beruvides, M. G. (2024). Water Infrastructure System Leakage Analysis: Evaluation of Factors Impacting System Performance and Opportunity Cost. Water, 16(8), 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16081080
International Water Association. (2001). Losses from water systems: Standard terminology and recommended performance measures. IWA Publishing.
Jácome, R. S., Anchieta, T., Brentan, B. M., Herrera, M., Delgado Galván, X., Arciniega Nevarez, J. A., & Mora Rodríguez, J. (2025). Core-Periphery Structure for District Metered Area Partitioning in Urban Water Distribution Systems. Water Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2025.04.006
Javed, A., & others. (2025). Leak Management in Water Distribution Networks: Approaches. Water, 17(13), 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17131928
Kowalski, D., & Suchorab, P. (2023). The Impact Assessment of Water Supply {DMA} Formation on the Monitoring System Sensitivity. Applied Sciences, 13(3), 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031554
Lanza, L. (2022). Dynamic Response of Water Meters Used for Potable Water. Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 21(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021031
Luthfianto, O. E., Nurhayati, E., Prinandes, D., & Amaliah, L. (2025). Analisis Air Tak Berekening ({Non Revenue Water}) Menggunakan Metode Neraca Air {WB-Easy Calc} Dengan Tingkat Kepercayaan 95% dan Strategi Pengendaliannya pada {Perumda Air Minum Tirta Giri Nata} Kota Cirebon. Journal Serambi Engineering, 10(3), 14745–14752. https://jse.serambimekkah.id/index.php/jse/article/view/687
Mathye, R. P., Scholz, M., & Nyende-Byakika, S. (2022). Appraisal of Socio-Technical Water Loss Control Strategies Using Cost-Benefit Analysis in a Water Supply Network. Water, 14(11), 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111789
Muddassir, M., & others. (2024). A Data-Driven Approach to Identifying Key Factors for Predicting Pipe Failure in Water Distribution Systems. Scientific Reports, 14, 69855. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69855-w
Nagapurkar, P., Sharma, N., Garcia, S., & Nimbalkar, S. (2025). Evaluating Acoustic vs. {AI}-Based Satellite Leak Detection in Aging {US} Water Infrastructure: A Cost and Energy Savings Analysis. Smart Cities, 8(4), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8040122
Netshitanini, M., & others. (2023). Determinants and Evaluation of Onsite Water Loss Due to Domestic Water Meter Under-Registration. Water, 15(2), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020217
No Title. (n.d.).
Ntousakis, E., & others. (2025). Optimizing an Urban Water Infrastructure through a Smart Water Management Framework. Electronics, 14(12), 2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122455
Ociepa-Kubicka, A., Deska, I., & Ociepa, E. (2024). Issues in Implementation of {EU} Regulations in Terms of Evaluation of Water Losses: Towards Energy Efficiency Optimization in Water Supply Systems. Energies, 17(3), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030633
Olmuştur, M. M., & Uysal, F. (2025). Investigation of Water Losses with Real-Time Pressure Management as a Case Study in Sakarya. Scientific Reports, 15, 26505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12281-3
Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal Kota Semarang. (2024). Profil Perumda Air Minum Tirta Moedal Kota Semarang.
Polachova, M., & Tuhovcak, L. (2024). Determination of Infrastructure Leakage Index ({ILI}) Using Analyses of Minimum Night Flows. Engineering Proceedings, 69(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069211
Purboyo, A. K., & others. (2024). Mobile Application Development for Prepaid Water Meter System to Improve Consumption Recording Accuracy in Indonesia. Sensors, 24(20), 6762. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206762
Puspitasari, I., & Purnomo, A. (2017). Studi kehilangan air komersial: Studi kasus PDAM Kota Kendari Cabang Pohara. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 6(2), F355--F360. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v6i2.25181
Rajan, G., & Li, S. (2025). A Systematic Literature Review on Flow Data-Based Techniques for Automated Leak Management in Water Distribution Systems. Smart Cities, 8(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8030078
Rakhmad, G. I., & Yuniarto, D. (2024). Analisis Kehilangan Air Dengan Metode Neraca Air dan Infrastructure Leakage Index pada {Perumda Air Minum} Kota Surakarta. Journal Serambi Engineering, 9(4), 11142–11151. https://jse.serambimekkah.id/index.php/jse/article/view/538
Ramos, H. M., & others. (2023). Smart Water Grids and Digital Twin for Managing Water Losses. Water, 15(6), 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061129
Romdloni, A., Ahyar, A., & Soedjono, E. S. (2021). Studi kehilangan air fisik dan kehilangan air komersial: Studi kasus PDAM Kota Malang.
Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 6(2), 1189–1201. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i2.4107
Santos, E. (2024). Beyond Leakage: Non-Revenue Water Loss and Economic Sustainability. Urban Science, 8(4), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040194
Saparina, W. (2017). Penurunan kehilangan air di sistem distribusi air minum PDAM Kota Malang [Tesis Magister]. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Sari, A. K. (2019). Studi kehilangan air PDAM Tirta Bukae Luwu Utara (studi kasus Kecamatan Masamba) tahun 2017--2018. Journal Dynamic Saint, 4(1), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.47178/dynamicsaint.v4i1.684
Serafeim, A. V, & Tsitsifli, S. (2024). Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation of the Real Losses Using the {BABE} Approach. Water, 16(11), 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534
Silvia, C. S. (2016). Kajian tingkat kehilangan air dengan metode NRW pada PDAM Tirta Meulaboh. Jurnal Teknik Sipil Dan Teknologi Konstruksi, 2(2), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.35308/jts-utu.v2i2.347
Świętochowski, K., & others. (2024). The Hourly Peak Coefficient of Single-Family and Multi-Family Buildings and Implications for Water Meter Minimum Flow Registration. Water, 16(8), 1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16081077
Sya’bani, M. R. (2016). Penerapan jaringan distribusi sistem District Meter Area (DMA) dalam optimalisasi penurunan kehilangan air fisik ditinjau dari aspek teknis dan finansial: Studi kasus wilayah layanan IPA Bengkuring PDAM Tirta Kencana Kota Samarinda [Tesis Magister]. Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Syahputra, B. (2012). Penyusunan neraca air sebagai fungsi kontrol laju kehilangan air PDAM: Studi kasus PDAM Kota Semarang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains Dan Teknologi (SNST) Fakultas Teknik, 1(1), 1–7.
Tarman, R. N., & Tamrin, T. (2022). Analisis kehilangan air (Non-revenue Water) pada PDAM Kota Bau-Bau. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Teknik (JURRITEK), 1(1), 65–77.
Tian, F., & others. (2023). Pressure Management Optimization in Water Distribution Networks Using {PRV} Placement and Control Strategies. Sustainability, 15(14), 11086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411086
Unto, P. B., & others. (2024). The Effect of Water Loss on Demand--Supply Departure of the Addis Ababa Water Supply System. Discover Water, 2, 152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-024-00152-3
World Bank Institute. (2009). Performance indicators for water utilities: Technical note on Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI).
Zhou, H., Liu, Y., Yao, H., Yu, T., & Shao, Y. (2022). Comparative Analysis on the {DMA} Partitioning Methods: Whether Trunk Mains Participated. Water, 14(23), 3876. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233876
Żywiec, J., & others. (2023). An Approach to Assess the Water Resources Reliability with Consideration of Water Losses. Resources, 12(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12010004
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Lahan Basah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The articles in this journal are under the copyright of the author of the article. This article is open access from the journal.